Introduction To Computational Biology An Evolutionary ApproachDownload Free Software Programs Online5/21/2016 Common Terms in Evolutionary Biology [M. Tevfik DORAK]Evolution. Biostatistics. Population Genetics. Genetic Epidemiology. Epidemiology. MHC Inf & Imm. Glossary. Homepage. Common Termsin Evolutionary Biology and Genetics. M. Tevfik DORAK On Line Biology Book - Glossary. Glossary of Genetic Terms Talking Glossary (Genetics) Gene Reviews: Glossary. Mark Ridley’s Evolution: A - Z. Life Science Dictionary. The Science of Biology - Glossary Cytogenetics. Glossary. UCMP Glossary (Evolution) BTO (Genetics). Population Genetics. Glossary Molecular Biology Glossary (ASH). Molecular Biology Glossary (UM). Genome Glossary. More. Human Genetics Glossaries Genomic. Glossaries & Taxonomies. Conceptual Glossary of Medical Terms. Genetic Epidemiology Glossary. FIND option by pressing "CTRL + F" to. Common secondary 3- dimensional structure of proteins in which the linear. Ab initio gene prediction: A. This can be. accomplished because different gene features, such as exons, introns. DNA sequence. Acrocentric chromosome: A. Human chromosomes 1. BIO1130: Introduction to Organismal Biology (3,0,3) 3 cr. Survey of the evidence for, and the fundamentals underlying the evolution of biological diversity. Evolution Genetics Biostatistics Population Genetics Genetic Epidemiology Epidemiology HLA MHC Inf & Imm Glossary Homepage. Introduction. Bioinformatics has become an important part of many areas of biology. In experimental molecular biology, bioinformatics techniques such as image and. Adaptation: Adjustment to environmental. Adaptive immunity: A collective term for the. Requires the MHC, T- cell receptors. Ig) as well as enzymes with a recombinase activity. TCR. and Ig gene loci). Present in all vertebrates except jawless fish (see innate immunity). Additive and non- additive components: In. Advanced (synonym: derived; opposite. In phylogenetic studies, an organism or character further removed. Agnatha (means jawless): The Class Agnatha. MHC genes have been cloned. Agnatha. Agrobacterium tumefaciens: A soil. It contains the Ti plasmid. The tumor. induction ability of the bacterium spreads to neighbouring cells via the. Emerging Trends in Computational Biology, Bioinformatics, and Systems Biology, 1st Edition Algorithms and Software Tools. November 24, 2015. Barry Aprison named an AAAS fellow for 2015. Two distinguished scientists and educators have been named fellows of the American Association for the. 1. Introduction. The question of what it means to be human is more often encountered in metaphysics than in bioinformatics, but it is surprisingly relevant when. Introduction to the selected papers from the 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (BICoB 2015). Subfields. The study of evolution is the unifying concept in evolutionary biology. Evolutionary biology is a conceptual subfield of biology that intersects with other. Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer. Leda Cosmides & John Tooby Introduction. The goal of research in evolutionary psychology is to discover and understand the design. Algae: A heterogeneous group of aquatic. They belong to the Kingdom Protista and include the multicellular. They are not plants but all. Chromista). Allee effect: The benefit individuals gain. Link to a brief explanation of Allee. Allele: A known variation (version) of a. Formerly called allelomorph. Allelic association: see linkage disequilibrium. Allelic exclusion: Expression of only one of. This usually occurs at loci such as immunoglobulin or T cell. TCR) genes where a functional rearrangement among genes takes place. One of the alleles is either non- functionally or incompletely rearranged and. This way, each T- cell expresses only one set of TCR genes. Allelopathy: The influence exerted by a. These include 1) carbohydrates and lipids, 2) alkaloids, 3) other. See reviews (Baldwin. Bais, 2. 00. 4). Allogeneic: Two genetically dissimilar. Allopatric speciation: Speciation following. See allopatric. speciation Java applet at Evo. Tutor and Speciation in Kimball’s Biology. Allophenic: Chimeric, i. Allometry: A method in morphological. See allometry in Mark Ridley’s Evolution: A - ZAllometry equation. Most lines of relative growth conform to y = bxa where y and x are. The value of a, the. Allorecognition: Recognition by T cells of. MLR) in. vitro. Altered self: A term used to describe the MHC. Alternation of generations: An. The relative dominance of each phase is variable. Besides aphids, Daphnia (water flea), rotifers. Hydra have alternation of generations in response to environmental conditions. Alternative splicing. Formation of diverse m. RNAs through differential splicing of the same RNA. This may result in proteins with different composition of amino. UTR. One reason for. RNA editing. causing a change in splice sites. Altruism: Helping others without direct. Amino acids: Building blocks of peptides. Each amino acid is encoded by DNA. See Amino Acids and Biochemical Grouping of Amino Acids. Amorph (null allele): A mutation that leads to. Amphipathic: A molecule that has both a. Analogy: A similarity due to convergent. See also homology. Angiosperm: The most recently evolved and. A superclass in the sperm plants (Spermatophyta) division. Tracheophyta) phylum of the plant kingdom. They are divided into two subclasses: Dicots (Magnoliopsida such as magnolia. Monocots (Liliopsida such as lilly, iris, orchid. Their ovules are enclosed in the carpel and pollen travels through. Angiosperms evolved in the Cretaceous era together. Mammals. Angiosperms in Tree of Life. Anisogamy: Sexual reproduction in which one. Antagonistic pleiotropy: The. Such genes will be maintained by selection, because by the. Differential effects in two sexes is called. See a review by Hughes, 2. Anthropology: The study of humanity. It. consists of physical (biology and evolution), cultural (ethnology), social. See Anthropology. University of Vienna, Department of Anthropology. Paleoantrhopology Research Page. Antigen: Any macromolecule that triggers. Antigenicity depends on the ability of the peptide. MHC. molecules. Antisense DNA/RNA: Single stranded nucleic. It is then. also complementary to the m. RNA produced from the same gene. Apes: Species belonging to the Family. Pongidae of the Order Primates. Gibbon (genus Hylobates), Orangutan (genus Pongo), Chimpanzee (genus Pan), and. Gorilla (genus Gorilla). They have no tails. Apoptosis: The genetically programmed death. T. and B cells of the immune system. Defects in apoptosis are associated with. Anti- apoptotic proteins. Bcl- 2 and HSP. families (see also caspase). Apoptosis is often induced by activation of death receptors (DR) belonging to. TNFR) family. Examples are Fas (CD9. TNFR- 1 and TNFR- related apoptosis- mediated protein (TRAMP). Death signals are. DD) - death- inducing. DISC) and caspase- 8 that leads to the activation of caspase. Aposematic colouring: Colouration that warns. Usually. black and yellow stripes in an animal. Aposematic colouring of poisonous. See also an article by Lev- Yadun on aposematic colouring in plants.)Arabidopsis thaliana: A small. It has a very small genome. Mbp), five chromosomes and contains almost no repetitive DNA. Its. genome will be completely sequenced by the end of 2. It is a plant model. It. has five small chromosomes. Link to Arabidopsis website. Arboreal: Tree- living (like monkeys). Archaea. A prokaryote kingdom that has not diverged much from the ancestral prokaryote. Contemporary species of Archeabacteria live in extreme conditions. The three. major groups are halobacteria, sulphobacteria and methanogens. All other. prokaryotes are grouped in Eubacteria. See Introduction to Archaea. Archezoa: One of the kingdom level taxa. Cavallier- Smith which consists of the most ancient unicellular. They are also used as evidence for the evolution of nucleus before. The intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia (a protist) is an. ARS: Autonomously replicating. ARS is the origin of replication in yeast. Artificial selection: Selective evolutionary. Asexual reproduction: Any form. It involves a single. Reproduction by cell division, fragmentation or budding. Association (genetic): Association refers to. Evaluation of association requires the study of unrelated individuals. Association studies may prove useful in identifying a genetic factor in a. Except when linkage disequilibrium exists, association is not due to. Assortative matings. Reproduction in which mate selection is not random but is based on physical. Atomic mass unit (amu or dalton): The basic. One amu or dalton is one- twelfth the mass of a. Therefore, there are 6. Avogadro. number). Australopithecus: The extinct genus of. Plio- Pleistocene hominids found in South and East Africa. The evolutionary link. Automorphy: Unique derived characteristic; a. Autosome: Any chromosome except a sex. Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum): Literally. Aztec), axolotl is a salamander (amphibian). A planar secondary structure element of proteins. It is created by hydrogen. Bacillus thuringiensis: This. Background extinction: The. Bacteriophage: A virus that infects a. Balanced lethal: Lethal mutations in. In a closed population, only. Balanced polymorphism: The. Balancing selection. Selection involving opposing forces in which selective advantages and. Heterozygote advantage (or overdominant. Gemmell & Slate, 2. Supplemental Table 1). Other balanced states. Barr body: Also called sex- chromatin body. X chromosome in the nucleus of somatic. Normally only seen in female cells and not in male cells. It. is the result of the process called dosage compensation. Base: A compound, usually containing. H+. It is used to describe the non- sugar. The five bases that. A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), tymine (T). U). B cells: A major family of small. Their antigen receptors are surface immunoglobulins. They recognize peptides directly and secrete antibodies by. They also exist as long- lived memory cells. B Factor: A fungal incompatibility factor. It operates in the Basidiomycetes species Schizophyllum commune (not to be confused. Factor B of the immune system). Binary fission: Mode of reproduction not. Bioinformatics: Computerised acquisition. See Online Lectures on Bioinformatics. Biome: A grouping of plant ecosystems. They are. created and maintained by climate. See examples of biomes. Biosphere: The geographical region of the. Earth where life is found. Bipedal: Two- footed posture and. Bony fish (class Osteichthyes): The. Class evolved after jawless. They have jaws, their skeleton is made up of bone and their body is covered. Most familiar freshwater and sea water fishes belong. The living fossil Coelacanth is a bony fish whose relatives. Devonian geological period. Mya). Botryllus schlosseri: A clonal. Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Tunicata, Class Ascidian=sea. It grows fast, reproduces weekly, and thus, a good model for genetic. It also has a well- characterized allorecognition system called Fu/HC whose functions. See a webpage about Botryllus. Bottleneck: A drastic reduction in the. This often results in altered gene. CAAT box: A highly conserved DNA sequence. Its. specific (trans- acting) transcription factor is CTF- 1 (NF- 1) (see also TATA / Goldberg- Hognessbox). See also Gene Expression. Caenorhabditis elegans: A. It is no more than 1 mm long. Loss of an. X chromosome by meiotic disjunction leads to the production of males. The. genetic basis of apoptosis was first shown in C.
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